%\makeatletter
\newcommand\HFSS{HFSS}
\newcommand\BibTeX{\textsf{Bib}\TeX}

\newcommand\bs{\textbackslash}
\renewcommand\and{·}
\let\cntrdot\and

\raggedbottom

%% footnote
\skip\footins=15pt
\parindent=2em
\setlength\footnotesep{9.2pt}
\def\footnoterule{\vfill\vspace{2pt}\kern-3\p@
  \hrule \@width 2in \kern 2.6\p@\vspace{2pt}} % the \hrule is .4pt high

\renewcommand\@makechapterhead[1]{%
    \vspace*{0pt}%
    {\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
      \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
%        \centering  %%% <-----------------
        \LARGE\bfseries
        \pre@chaptercnt\thechapter\post@chaptercnt
      \fi
      \quad #1%
      \vskip 40\p@
}}
\renewcommand\@makeschapterhead[1]{%
    \vspace*{0pt}%
    {\parindent \z@
     \normalfont
     \interlinepenalty\@M
     \centering\LARGE \bfseries #1
     \vskip 40\p@
}}
\renewcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3em}{3em}}

\renewenvironment{theindex}
               {\if@twocolumn
                  \@restonecolfalse
                \else
                  \@restonecoltrue
                \fi
                \twocolumn[\@makeschapterhead{\indexname}]%
                \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                        {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
                \thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
				\spacing{1.2}\small
                \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
                \columnseprule \z@
                \columnsep 35\p@
                \let\item\@idxitem}
               {\endspacing\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
%\makeatother
